Holy Wars Box: Six Coins Highlighting Famous Battles Between Christians and Muslims(C)

#1: The Battle of Tours, 732 CE | Umayyad silver dirham
After a century of incredible success expanding the Caliphate by Mohammad, the Rightly Guided Caliphs, and the
subsequent Umayyads, the spread of Islam into Europe was thwarted by Charles ”The Hammer“ Martel at the
Battle of Tours in the south of France. The Franks won the battle despite not having cavalry. Historians describe
Tours as ”the turning point of one of the most important epochs in the history of the world.“

#2: The First Crusade, 1096-1099 | Seljuk silver dirham
Pope Urban II called upon Christians to retake the Holy Lands from the infidels. The Franks heeded the call, retaking
important Middle Eastern cities from the Seljuk Turks, and establishing a Latin Kingdom in Jerusalem. While
subsequent Crusades would prove less successful, the Latin knights would hold Jerusalem for almost 200 years.

#3: The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, 1212 | Spanish Almohad silver dirham
Islamic forces began the conquest of the Iberian peninsula in 711. They would hold most of that territory until 1212,
when the Almohads were defeated by Christian forces led by King Alfonso VIII of Castile at the Battle of Las Navas
de Tolosa. While the Muslims would not be repulsed from the whole of Spain until 1492, this battle was the turning
point; after the defeat, Muslim influence in Iberia waned, never to recover.

#4: The Siege of Vienna, 1529 | Silesia silver half groschen
Seeking to re-establish Ottoman control over Hungary, Suleiman the Magnificent sensed an opportunity to expand
further into Western Europe by sacking the city of Vienna. It was as far into Central Europe as the Ottomans would
ever get. Christian forces repulsed the Turks, successfully defending the city, and turning the tide against a century
of Islamic incursion into Europe.

#5: The Fall of Constantinople, 1453 | Ottoman Empire silver akche
The seat of the mighty Byzantine Empire, for centuries a Christian bulwark against Turkish designs on the West,
Constantinople was the greatest city in Christendom for a thousand years—and a prize coveted by the Ottomans.
After seven centuries of trying, the Muslims finally took the Emerald City in 1453, effectively ending the Byzantine
Empire in the process.

#6: The Battle of Vienna, 1683 | Ottoman Empire, Suleyman II bronze mangir
At its height, under Suleiman the Magnificent in the mid-16th century, the Ottomans possessed arguably the most
powerful kingdom on earth, a vast and diverse dominion that included most of Northern Africa, the whole of the
Balkan peninsula, Persia, Arabia, the Crimea, and the Holy Land, as well as modern-day Turkey. By the end of the
17th century, however, the Empire had begun its slow but inexorable decline. The Ottoman sultan Mehmed IV
suffered repeated crushing defeats by the combined forces of Europe, including the disastrous battle that ended the
protracted siege of Vienna in 1683. By 1700, the Ottoman Empire had lost Hungary, Transylvania, Slavonia, and
Dalmatia to its enemies. Its expansion into Europe was halted for good.